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Technology
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Reagents - Catalysts
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Special features
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| Acylation |
RCOCl, ROCOCl |
handling of chloroformates preparation of mixed anhydrides |
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Aldol condensation
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NaOH, TiCl4 |
also chiral products by Evans Chemistry |
| Amidation |
NH3, amines |
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| Amination |
NH3, amines |
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| Azide chemistry |
NaN3, TMSN3, DPPA, etc |
in situ formation of hydrazoic acid |
| Baeyer-Villiger oxidation |
H2O2, peracids |
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| Biocatalysis |
Isolated enzymes or non viable cells |
downstream processing of enzyme containing reactions |
| Boronation |
B(OR)3 |
bulk production of boronic acids & salts, boratranes |
| Borane Chemistry |
BH3.THF, BH3.DMS, BH3.DMA |
bulk in situ synthesis & consumption of borane |
| Bromination |
Br2 |
corrosion resistant condensors |
| C-C bond formation |
Pd(0), Cu(I), |
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| Carboxylation |
CO2 |
lithiation/carboxylation Koch reaction |
| Catalytic reduction |
Pt/C, Pd/C, Ra-Ni |
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| Chlorination |
SOCl2, SO2Cl2, Cl2, POCl3 (COCl)2 COCl2, PCl5 |
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| Chloromethylation |
HCl / H2CO, RLi / CH2ClBr |
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| Chlorosulphonation |
ClSO3H, SOCl2 |
hastelloy reactor system |
| Claisen condensation |
RONa |
eg. precursors to pyrazoles |
| Corey-Kim oxidation |
Cl2, Me2S, Et3N |
containment of stenchy raw materials application of bulk cryogenic reactors |
| Curtius rearrangement |
NaN3, TMSN3, DPPA |
alternative to Hofmann & Schmidt rearrangement technology |
| Cyanation |
NaCN, aceton cyanohydrine |
safe handling capability for toxic materials specific production units with continuous air monitoring including HAPI production environment |
| Cyclisation |
NH2NH2, polyphosphoric acid PPA, |
anhydrous hydrazine storage and handling bulk storage and handling of PPA |
| Cyclopropanation |
CH2N2, CH2I2, N2CHCOOR trimethylsulfoxonium iodide |
batchwize bulk processing of diazomethane |
| Dealkylation |
HBr, ClCOOR, BF3 |
containment of alkylating by products eg. MeBr |
| Decarboxylation |
HCl |
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| Defluoroamination |
NH3 |
containment of fluoride waste |
| Diastereomeric resolution |
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| Diazo coupling |
HCl, NaNO2 |
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| Diazotisation |
HCl, NaNO2 |
hazard management of diazo intermediates in house production of ethyl diazoacetate |
| Diels-Alder addition |
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| Dithiocarbamation |
CS2 |
specific bulk equipment to handle easily ignitable materials |
| Elimination |
Base |
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| Epoxidation |
NaOH, MCPBA |
isolation of toxic products in high containment units in house production of meta-chloroperbenzoic acid MCPBA |
| Esterification |
H+, RCOCl, (RCO)2O |
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| Etherification |
BF3 |
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| Ethoxylation |
Et2SO4, EtBr |
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| Formylation |
DMF, N-Me formanilide |
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| Friedel-Crafts acylation/alkylation |
AlCl3, FeCl3 |
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| Grignard |
Mg |
also in high containment environment |
| Halogenation |
Br2 + Lewis acid |
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| Heck coupling |
Pd(0) |
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| Heterocyclic chemistry |
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quinazolines by reduction of nitroarenes & miscellaneous cyclizations indoles, 1,2,3-pyrazolestriazoles, tetrazoles, |
| Hofmann rearrangement |
NaOCl |
alternative to Schmidt & Curtius rearrangement technology |
| Hydrazine chemistry |
NH2NH2 |
mono-hydrate at 10000 L scale, anhydrous form at 10 L scale |
| Hydride reduction |
NaBH4, LiAlH4, AlH3, BH3, |
control of hydrogen evolution Corey-Bakshi-Shibata reduction with catalyst prepared in situ |
| Hydroboration |
BH3 |
Precursors of alkyl & vinyl boronic acids, alcohols |
| Hydrogenation |
H2, HCOOH, metal catalyst |
hydrogen transfer catalysis |
| Hydrolysis |
KOH, NaOH, lipases |
use of heterogeneous biocatalysts |
| Hydroxyethylation |
ethyleneoxide, ClCH2CH2OH |
derivatisation of phenolic compounds |
| Iodination |
I2, ICl, NIS, diiodohydantoine |
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| Knoevenagel condensation |
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| Lithiation |
n-BuLi, n-HexLi, LDA, LiHMDS |
bulk cryogenic capacity & reagent handling cryogenic condensor to contain eg. butane |
| Mannich reaction |
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| Meerwein arylation |
NaNO2, Cu(II) |
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| Methylation |
Me2SO4, MeI, MeBr, CH2N2 |
safe handling capability for toxic materials specific production units with continuous air monitoring |
| N-alkylation |
RCHO |
bulk scale |
| Nitration |
HNO3 |
past experience of bulk production of explosives extensive safety assessment of reaction and product |
| Nitrile hydrolysis |
NaOH, H2SO4 |
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| Organometallic chemistry |
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| Oxidation |
H2O2, TEMPO, NaOCl, NaBO3, |
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| Oximation |
H2NOR |
handling of hydroxylamines |
| Parikh-Doering Oxidation |
Pyridine, SO3 |
oxidation of aminoalcohols |
| Peptide coupling |
COCl2, HATU, |
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| Phase transfer catalysis |
Bu4NBr, BnEt3NCl, alkaloids |
use of chiral catalysts to induce chirality |
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Phosgenation
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COCl2 |
bulk handling at many production units safe handling capability for toxic materials specific production units with continuous air monitoring |
| Phosphorylation |
POCl3, PCl5 |
derivatisation of botanicals manufacturing of prodrugs |
| Pinner Amidine Synthesis |
ROH, HCl |
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| Reductive Alkylation |
RNHR’, RR’CO |
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| Reimer-Tiemann |
CHCl3, KOH |
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| Silylation |
(Me)3SiCl, HMDS, |
handling of TMSCl |
| Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation |
CH2I2 |
batchwize processing |
| Sulphonation |
Oleum, H2SO4 |
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| Suzuki Coupling |
Pd(0) |
homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis in house synthesis of boronic acids |
| Swern Oxidation |
(COCl)2, Et3N |
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| Trifluoromethylation |
(CH3)3SiCF3 |
in house bulk synthesis & application of Ruppert’s reagent |
| Vilsmeier-Haack Reaction |
COCl2, DMF, N-Meformanilide |
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| Wittig reaction |
BuLi |
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